Rising out of the niche: In the beverage packaging market, returnable PET containers currently play a rather small role. Wrongly so, say the results of a joint research project of ALPLA and Krones. In the project’s first phase, the material and process parameters underwent a comprehensive scientific evaluation.
The returnable PET container by ALPLA and Krones for the beverage packaging cold chain
Based on these findings, ALPLA and Krones developed a returnable PET container that provides an optimal environment for sensitive ESL (Extended Shelf Life) products such as juice and milk in the cold chain. Be it due to regulations, voluntary climate targets, or growing environmental awareness among consumers, sustainability issues are becoming an increasingly important factor in packaging choice. “Which type of packaging performs best from an ecological perspective depends on a number of factors and must be evaluated individually for each use case,” explains Martina Birk, who is responsible for the enviro sustainability programme at Krones. But returnable PET containers often don’t even enter into consideration in the first place. “And yet they can offer outstanding environmental performance, especially if they are distributed mainly regionally,” emphasises Birk.
The returnable containers: glass vs PET
The background: the production and recycling of returnable containers made of glass requires very high temperatures and causes significantly more emissions than the production of returnable PET containers. In addition, they are around six times heavier than comparable PET containers, which results in a significantly larger CO2e footprint during transport. Returnable PET containers also have practical advantages: they are light, stable and break-proof, making them more convenient for consumers to transport and safer to use.
Bottle samples and cleaning processes tested
ALPLA and Krones teamed up to make these benefits available for use for a wide range of beverages. “Until now, the main applications for returnable PET containers have been carbonated soft drinks and water,” explains Jörg Schwärzler, returnables expert and project lead at ALPLA. “But we were certain that, if we combined our expertise in materials science, preform design, container design, and systems engineering, we could find a solution for sensitive beverages like juices and dairy products. The option of using a 38-millimeter bottle neck offers particular advantages for sensitive returnable applications.”
The partners dedicated particular attention to the container cleaning process because “PET is less heat-resistant than glass,” explains developer Ines Bradshaw. “So we had to find a way to ensure both a high level of microbiological safety and a high number of use cycles while cleaning at lower temperatures.”
To obtain an objective and meaningful base of data, Krones’ development plant for washing technology in Flensburg carried out an elaborate series of tests, analysing the interaction of different bottle designs and cleaning processes. “The tests provided us with a very clear picture of the respective thermal, chemical, and mechanical factors,” says Bradshaw. “Among the findings: with the right combination of parameters – especially lye concentration, temperature, additive, and mechanical impact – temperatures around 60 °C are sufficient to reliably remove even dried protein, fat, and starch contamination from the containers.”
Direct comparison: PET with returnable glass
A direct comparison of returnable PET and returnable glass brought to light another interesting discovery: over the course of several cleaning cycles, the alkaline cleaning medium visibly roughened the surface of the glass bottle, whereas nothing comparable could be observed with the PET containers. “For the filling of sensitive beverages in particular, consistent container quality can be an advantage that should not be underestimated,” notes Ines Bradshaw.
Microbiological tests are currently being conducted to definitively establish whether the technology is safe. Initial results confirm the observations made thus far: “Microbiologically, PET bottles that had gone through 25 cycles could not be distinguished from new ones,” says a very pleased Ines Bradshaw. With this proof of concept, the project has reached an important milestone and is now ready for the next major step: Preparations are already well underway for the technical field test.
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